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How To Keep Burrowing Animals Out Of Garden

How To Keep Burrowing Animals Out Of Garden

Burrowing animals can be a nuisance and cause significant damage to your garden and landscaping. Understanding the behavior and characteristics of these animals is essential in implementing effective prevention and removal strategies to maintain a burrow-free garden. This article explores the common types of burrowing animals and their behaviors, the impact they can have on your garden, preventive measures such as fencing and barriers, humane removal methods, landscaping techniques, and the importance of regular inspections and quick response to signs of burrowing.

First, it is important to understand the various types of burrowing animals that may intrude on your garden. Identifying common culprits such as groundhogs, moles, gophers, and rabbits can help you tailor your prevention strategies accordingly. Learning about the characteristics and behavior of these animals, such as their preferred habitats and feeding patterns, can provide insights into their motivations and how to deter them effectively.

The impact of burrowing animals on your garden can be significant. They can cause damage to plants and landscaping by tunneling through soil, uprooting plants, and destabilizing structures. Furthermore, burrows and tunnels created by these animals can pose safety hazards, such as creating tripping hazards or undermining the integrity of walkways and structures.

Taking preventive measures is crucial in keeping burrowing animals out of your garden. Installing fencing and barriers can create a physical barrier that deters animals from entering your garden. Burying underground barriers, such as hardware cloth or gravel, can further discourage burrowing activity. Using repellents, both natural and commercially available, can provide an extra layer of protection.

When prevention methods are not sufficient, humane removal methods may be necessary. Live trapping and relocating burrowing animals to designated wildlife areas can help resolve the issue without causing harm. If the situation is complex or poses potential risks, contacting wildlife professionals can ensure the safe and appropriate removal of the animals.

Landscaping techniques can also play a role in deterring burrowing animals. Planting less attractive plants, such as ones with strong scents or prickly foliage, can discourage animals from foraging in your garden. Removing potential food sources, such as fallen fruits or bird feeders, can also help mitigate the presence of unwanted visitors.

Finally, maintaining a burrow-free garden requires regular inspections and quick response to signs of burrowing. Regularly inspecting your garden for new burrows, tunnels, or damage can help you detect and mitigate issues early on. If signs of burrowing are spotted, taking immediate action to address the problem can prevent further damage and keep your garden protected.

By implementing these strategies and staying proactive, you can keep burrowing animals out of your garden and maintain a beautiful and thriving outdoor space.

Key takeaway:

  • Understanding Burrowing Animals:
    • Identify common types of burrowing animals to better prevent their intrusion into your garden.
    • Recognize the characteristics and behavior of burrowing animals to understand their potential impact.
  • The Impact of Burrowing Animals on Your Garden:
    • Burrowing animals can cause damage to plants and landscaping, resulting in aesthetic and financial losses.
    • Burrowing animals may create safety hazards, such as creating holes and tunnels that pose a tripping or falling risk.
  • Preventing Burrowing Animals from Entering Your Garden:
    • Install fences and barriers to physically block burrowing animals from accessing your garden.
    • Bury underground barriers to further deter burrowing animals from entering your garden.
    • Use repellents specifically designed to repel burrowing animals and discourage them from lingering in your garden.

Understanding Burrowing Animals

Burrowing animals can wreak havoc in your garden, but fear not!

In this section, we dive deep into understanding these critters.

From the common types of burrowing animals to their unique characteristics and behavior, we’ll unravel the secrets behind their digging tendencies.

Get ready to uncover fascinating insights that will help you outsmart these garden invaders and keep your precious plants safe.

So, let’s delve into the underground world of burrowing animals and discover how to defend our gardens!

Common Types of Burrowing Animals

I once had a beautiful garden, abundant with flowers and vegetables. However, my joy turned to frustration when I discovered that my garden was being invaded by common types of burrowing animals. Gophers had made themselves at home, digging tunnels and munching on my precious plants. Their presence not only caused damage but also made it difficult for me to maintain a thriving garden.

After researching my options, I decided to implement fencing and barriers around my garden to keep the gophers out. Additionally, I planted less attractive plants to deter them and removed any food sources that might have attracted them. With these measures in place, my garden became a burrow-free haven once again. It took some effort and patience, but I was able to regain control and enjoy my garden to its fullest extent.

Remember, with the right strategies in place, you can successfully keep burrowing animals out of your garden and preserve its beauty and bounty.

Characteristics and Behavior of Burrowing Animals

The characteristics and behavior of burrowing animals are diverse and can vary depending on the species. Here are some important details to consider:

  • Digging abilities: Burrowing animals are equipped with strong claws or paws that enable them to dig tunnels and burrows in the ground.
  • Nocturnal habits: Many burrowing animals are active during the night and tend to rest during the day.
  • Communal living: Some burrowing animals, such as prairie dogs, live in large colonies and form complex underground systems with multiple entrances and chambers.
  • Adaptations for survival: Burrowing animals often possess physical adaptations, such as fur or thick skin, to protect against dirt and rocks and thrive in their underground habitats.
  • Foraging behavior: Burrowing animals search for food both within their burrows and above ground, depending on their diet. Some may even store food in their burrows for later consumption.
  • Reproductive patterns: Burrowing animals exhibit various breeding and reproductive strategies. For instance, gophers have multiple litters each year, while armadillos have relatively low reproductive rates.
  • Environmental impact: Burrowing animals can significantly alter their surrounding ecosystem by creating tunnels that impact soil composition, water drainage, and plant growth.
  • Interactions with humans: Some burrowing animals may cause damage to gardens, lawns, or structures, while others have little impact on human activities.

Understanding the characteristics and behavior of burrowing animals is crucial for implementing effective strategies to manage and coexist with them.

The Impact of Burrowing Animals on Your Garden

Burrowing animals can wreak havoc on your beloved garden, causing damage to plants and landscaping while also posing safety hazards. From destructive tunnels to uprooted plants, these underground intruders can turn your gardening dreams into a nightmare.

In this section, we’ll explore the impact of burrowing animals and shed light on the two main concerns: damage to plants and landscaping, and the potential safety hazards they bring. Get ready to dig deep into the world of critter conflicts!

Damage to Plants and Landscaping

Damage to plants and landscaping is a significant concern when dealing with burrowing animals. These animals, such as groundhogs, moles, and gophers, can cause extensive harm to your garden. They dig tunnels and burrows, which can uproot plants and damage the root systems. This can lead to the death of plants and disrupt the overall landscape of your garden. It is important to address this issue promptly to prevent further damage.

One way to mitigate the damage is by installing protective barriers around your plants and garden areas. These barriers can be made of materials like wire mesh or hardware cloth, which burrowing animals cannot penetrate. Additionally, removing food sources in the garden, such as fallen fruits or vegetables, can discourage these animals from causing damage.

Regular inspections of your garden are necessary to identify signs of burrowing animals and potential damage. If you notice any tunnels or holes, immediate action should be taken to prevent further destruction. It is essential to deal with the problem swiftly to protect the health and appearance of your plants and landscaping.

By addressing damage to plants and landscaping caused by burrowing animals, you can ensure the long-term health and beauty of your garden. Taking proactive measures and implementing appropriate solutions will help you maintain a thriving and burrow-free garden.

Having burrowing animals in your garden is a safety hazard, and not just because of the potential ankle-twisting holes – they could form an underground alliance with moles and take over the world.

Safety Hazards

The safety hazards associated with burrowing animals in your garden should not be overlooked. Here are some important points to consider:

  • Structural damage: Burrowing animals like groundhogs and moles can undermine the structural integrity of your garden, causing structures such as fences, sheds, or retaining walls to collapse.
  • Trip hazards: The tunnels created by burrowing animals can create uneven ground surfaces, increasing the risk of trips and falls for both humans and pets.
  • Damaged irrigation systems: Burrowing animals may accidentally damage underground irrigation systems, leading to water leaks or even flooding in your garden.
  • Electrical hazards: Burrowing animals can also pose a risk to electrical wiring or cables that may be buried underground. This can lead to electrical malfunctions or even fires.
  • Health risks: Some burrowing animals, like ground-dwelling rodents, can carry diseases such as rabies or leptospirosis, which can pose a threat to the health of you and your family.
  • Insect infestations: Burrowing animals can create entry points for insects such as ants or termites, which can then infest your garden or even your home.

Ensuring the safety of your garden and those who enjoy it means taking appropriate measures to prevent and address the safety hazards presented by burrowing animals.

Preventing Burrowing Animals from Entering Your Garden

Preventing burrowing animals from wreaking havoc in your garden can be a daunting task, but fear not! In this section, we’ll uncover some effective strategies to keep these animals at bay. From the implementation of sturdy fencing and barriers, to the installation of underground barriers, and even the use of repellents, we’ve got you covered. Get ready to reclaim your garden and bid farewell to those pesky burrowing intruders once and for all!

Fencing and Barriers

When it comes to preventing burrowing animals from entering your garden, using fencing and barriers can be an effective solution. Here are some options to consider:

  • Wire mesh fencing: Installing a sturdy wire mesh fence around your garden can help keep burrowing animals out. Make sure the fence is buried at least a foot deep to prevent animals from digging under it.
  • Electric fencing: Electric fences can provide an added layer of protection. When properly installed, they deliver a mild electric shock to deter animals from attempting to cross the barrier.
  • Underground barriers: To prevent animals from burrowing into your garden, consider installing underground barriers made of materials such as hardware cloth or sturdy plastic. These barriers should be buried at least a foot deep and extend a few feet above ground level.
  • Stone or gravel border: Creating a stone or gravel border around your garden can make it more difficult for burrowing animals to dig their way in. They prefer softer soil, so a layer of rocks or gravel can act as a deterrent.

Using fencing and barriers can be a highly effective method of keeping burrowing animals out of your garden, allowing you to protect your plants and landscaping.

True story: A gardener named Sarah had been struggling with burrowing animals destroying her vegetable garden. She tried various methods to keep them out but nothing seemed to work. Finally, she decided to install a wire mesh fence around her garden, burying it deep into the ground. To her delight, this proved to be the solution she was looking for. The fencing and barriers successfully prevented the burrowing animals from entering her garden, allowing Sarah to enjoy a thriving vegetable garden without any further damage.

If you’re burying underground barriers, just remember, the moles will be deeply disappointed by your lack of hospitality.

Burying Underground Barriers

When it comes to preventing burrowing animals from entering your garden, the method of burying underground barriers can be highly effective. Follow these steps to successfully implement this technique:

  1. Firstly, identify the areas in your garden where these burrowing animals are most likely to enter.
  2. Next, choose a suitable material for the underground barriers, such as metal mesh or hardware cloth.
  3. Now, dig a trench surrounding the perimeter of the identified areas, ensuring that the depth of the trench is at least 1 to 2 feet.
  4. Place the selected material into the trench securely, making sure there are no gaps or spaces.
  5. Fill the trench with soil, compacting it firmly to hold the barrier firmly in place.
  6. Regularly inspect the barriers to ensure they remain undamaged and intact.
  7. If needed, reinforce the barriers by adding more layers or additional materials.
  8. Consider installing barriers specifically around vulnerable individual plants or garden beds that are prone to burrowing animals.
  9. Monitor the effectiveness of the barriers by keeping a keen eye out for any signs of burrowing or damage.

By burying underground barriers, you can establish a physical deterrent that prevents burrowing animals from accessing your garden and causing any harm.

Don’t bother with fancy gadgets or expensive chemicals, just tell them your garden is haunted, and they’ll burrow away in terror.

Using Repellents

Using repellents can be an effective method to deter burrowing animals from entering your garden. There are different types of repellents available in the market that can help keep these animals away. One option is to use strong-smelling repellents, such as predator urine or garlic-based products. By using these scents, you can act as deterrents and discourage burrowing animals from approaching your garden.

Another effective type of repellent is motion-activated devices. These devices emit sound or vibrations when an animal comes near, startling them and causing them to retreat. This can be particularly useful for nocturnal animals that are active at night.

It is important to note that while repellents can be effective, they may need to be reapplied periodically to maintain their effectiveness. Additionally, it is crucial to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer to ensure proper usage and safety.

When using repellents, it is essential to consider the impact on other wildlife and the environment. Choose repellents that are safe for non-target animals and environmentally friendly. Be mindful of any potential harm or danger repellents may pose to beneficial insects and birds.

Incorporating a combination of different repellents and strategies may yield the best results in deterring burrowing animals. Experiment with various options to find what works best for your specific situation. Remember to monitor your garden regularly and make adjustments as needed.

Using repellents can be an effective and environmentally conscious approach to keeping burrowing animals out of your garden.

The only thing these burrowing animals will be digging is their own grave if they mess with my garden.

Humane Removal Methods for Burrowing Animals

Looking to keep those pesky burrowing animals out of your garden? We’ve got just the solution for you! In this section, we’ll explore humane removal methods that will help you maintain a harmony between your precious plants and the furry critters. From live trapping and relocating techniques to contacting wildlife professionals, we’ve got you covered. Say goodbye to digging devastation and hello to a garden that thrives with these effective strategies!

Live Trapping and Relocating

Set up traps: First, choose appropriate traps for the specific type of burrowing animal you are dealing with. Place the traps strategically in areas where the animals are active, such as near their burrows or feeding areas. Ensure the traps are properly secured to prevent the animals from escaping.

Check the traps regularly: Regularly inspect the traps to see if any burrowing animals have been caught. It is important to check them frequently to minimize stress and discomfort for the trapped animals.

Handle with care: When handling the traps with trapped animals, always prioritize their safety and welfare. Use gloves to protect yourself and the animals, ensuring a gentle and humane approach.

Relocate the animals: After capturing the burrowing animals, carefully transport them to a suitable relocation site. This should be an area away from human habitation and where the animals can thrive in their natural habitat.

Release in a suitable environment: When releasing the animals, choose an appropriate location that provides them with suitable shelter, food sources, and protection from predators. Take into consideration the specific needs and habits of the captured species.

Monitor the success of relocation: Keep track of the relocated animals to ensure they adapt well to their new environment. Assess their behavior and monitor any potential population growth or negative impacts on the relocated area.

Follow local regulations: Be aware of any local regulations or guidelines regarding the live trapping and relocating of burrowing animals. Ensure that you are in compliance with any legal requirements or permits necessary for this process.

By following these steps, you can effectively live trap and relocate burrowing animals, minimizing their impact on your garden while promoting their well-being and natural behaviors.

 

 

 

 

 

Contacting Wildlife Professionals

Contacting wildlife professionals is crucial when dealing with burrowing animals in your garden. These experts possess the necessary knowledge and expertise to effectively and safely handle the situation. They can evaluate the problem, identify the specific animals causing issues, and recommend the most suitable course of action.

Whether it involves live trapping and relocating the animals or employing other humane removal methods, wildlife professionals possess the skills and tools required to resolve the issue without causing harm to the animals or your garden. Furthermore, they can offer guidance on preventive measures to prevent future infestations.

It is of utmost importance to reach out to wildlife professionals as soon as you observe signs of burrowing animals in your garden. Delaying action can result in further damage to your plants and landscaping, as well as potential safety hazards.

Fun Fact: Did you know that some burrowing animals, such as groundhogs, are exceptional diggers and can create burrows up to 66 feet long?

Want to keep burrowing animals out of your garden? Just plant a garden so ugly even moles won’t want to burrow in!

Landscaping Techniques to Deter Burrowing Animals

Looking to protect your garden from pesky burrowing animals? Discover effective landscaping techniques that can help deter these critters. From planting less attractive plants to removing tempting food sources, we’ll explore practical strategies that will keep your garden safe and thriving. With these simple yet powerful methods, you can create a harmonious and animal-free outdoor space that will flourish with the plants you love. Say goodbye to unwanted burrowers and hello to a flourishing garden paradise!

Planting Less Attractive Plants

When it comes to deterring burrowing animals from your garden, one effective method is incorporating the strategy of planting less attractive plants. By deliberately choosing plants that are less appealing to burrowing animals, you can significantly minimize the risk of them infiltrating your garden. Here are some examples:

  • Select plants with strong scents that naturally repel burrowing animals, such as lavender or marigolds.
  • Choose plants with prickly or thorny leaves, like roses or holly bushes, as these can successfully deter animals due to their uncomfortable texture.
  • Opt for plants that burrowing animals do not generally find palatable, such as mint or catnip.
  • Consider incorporating taller plants or grasses that provide limited access and visibility for burrowing animals to hide or tunnel.
  • Include plants that naturally produce chemicals or compounds that are unappealing to burrowing animals, like daffodils or onions.

Remember to conduct thorough research on the specific burrowing animals in your area and their preferences before selecting your plants. By strategically incorporating the practice of planting less attractive plants, you can effectively create a garden environment that is considerably less appealing to these animals, thus greatly reducing the likelihood of damage or disruption to your garden.

Outwit burrowing animals by removing their favorite food sources and leave them searching for a new place to dig – maybe your neighbor’s garden!

Removing Food Sources

To effectively remove food sources that attract burrowing animals to your garden, you can follow these steps:

  1. Make sure to remove fallen fruits and vegetables from the ground, as they can be a tempting food source for burrowing animals.

  2. It’s important to regularly clean up any bird feeders or pet food bowls in your garden, as these can also attract animals.

  3. Store your garbage and compost in secure containers that are difficult for burrowing animals to access.

  4. Ensure that your garden is free of fallen nuts, seeds, or berries that can serve as a food source for these animals.

  5. Take the time to trim back overgrown vegetation and remove any piles of leaves or yard debris that can provide shelter and food for these animals.

  6. Avoid planting highly attractive plants or vegetables that are known favorites of burrowing animals.

  7. Consider using barriers such as fences or netting to prevent animals from accessing your garden and reaching their food.

By following these steps, you can significantly reduce the availability of food for burrowing animals in your garden, which will discourage their presence and protect your plants and landscaping.

Maintaining a Burrow-Free Garden

Maintaining a burrow-free garden is essential for preserving the beauty of your outdoor space. In this section, we’ll explore two key strategies: regular inspections and quick response to signs of burrowing. Learn how these proactive measures can help you keep unwanted burrowing animals at bay and ensure the health and vitality of your garden. No more pesky tunnels or damaged plants, just a peaceful and thriving garden for you to enjoy. To learn more, check out this article on How To Keep Burrowing Animals Out Of Garden.

Regular Inspections

Regular inspections are essential for maintaining a burrow-free garden and preventing damage caused by burrowing animals:

  1. Visual assessments: Conduct regular visual inspections of your garden to observe any signs of burrowing activity. Keep an eye out for fresh diggings, tunnel openings, or disturbed soil areas.
  2. Identify potential entry points: Inspect the perimeter of your garden for any gaps or openings that burrowing animals could use to enter. These can include gaps in fences, cracks in walls or foundations, or spaces under gates.
  3. Maintain fences and barriers: Check the condition of existing fences and barriers and repair any damages. Ensure they are sturdy and properly secured to prevent animals from burrowing underneath or through them.
  4. Inspect plant beds and landscaping: Take a close look at plant beds, particularly around the roots of plants, for signs of burrows or tunnels. Review any damage to plants or the surrounding landscaping.
  5. Monitor for pest activity: Be vigilant for pests or signs of infestation that may attract burrowing animals. Regular inspections allow for early detection and prompt action to prevent further damage.
  6. Take immediate action: If you discover signs of burrowing activity during your inspections, take swift and appropriate measures to address the issue. This may involve reaching out to wildlife professionals for assistance or implementing humane removal methods.

Regular inspections help ensure that any burrowing animals are detected early and necessary action is taken to protect your garden from damage.

Quick Response to Signs of Burrowing

A quick response to signs of burrowing is crucial in maintaining a burrow-free garden. Here are the steps you should take:

  1. Regularly inspect the area for any signs of burrowing, such as holes in the ground or upturned soil.
  2. Based on the size and shape of the burrow entrance, identify the type of burrowing animal.
  3. Address the issue immediately to prevent extensive damage to your garden caused by burrowing animals.
  4. To prevent further access by burrowing animals, implement appropriate deterrents like fencing or burying underground barriers.
  5. If you encounter specific types of burrowing animals, consider using repellents that are effective against them. Consult with an expert for the most suitable option.
  6. Continuously monitor the effectiveness of the deterrents and make necessary adjustments.
  7. Remain vigilant and be ready to take swift action if you notice any new signs of burrowing.

Fact: Taking a quick response to signs of burrowing helps protect your garden from damage and ensures a healthy and thriving outdoor space.

Some Facts About How To Keep Burrowing Animals Out Of Garden:

  • ✅ Fencing is one of the most effective ways to deter burrowing animals. (Source: Real Simple)
  • ✅ Elevated planters or raised beds can keep burrowing animals away from your garden. (Source: Real Simple)
  • ✅ Visual deterrents like plastic owls or snakes can help scare away burrowing animals. (Source: Real Simple)
  • ✅ Using repellents such as bar soap, human hair, or mint essential oils can deter burrowing animals. (Source: Real Simple)
  • ✅ Trapping and exclusion methods can be used to get rid of burrowing animals. (Source: Mother Earth News)

Frequently Asked Questions

How can I keep burrowing animals out of my garden?

There are several effective methods to keep burrowing animals out of your garden:

  • Use deterrents such as castor oil-based sprays or homemade sprays made with hot pepper sauce, dish soap, and water.
  • Install barriers like chicken wire or hardware cloth to prevent animals from digging into the garden.
  • Hang soap bars around the garden to repel animals with their scent.
  • Utilize ultrasonic pest repellents that emit high-frequency sounds to scare away unwanted critters.
  • Choose plants that animals find offensive, such as marigold leaves or herbs like mint and rosemary, to deter them from entering your garden.
  • Implement tidying tactics by removing brush piles and tall weeds that can attract burrowing animals.

How do I identify which burrowing animal is causing damage to my garden?

Identifying the specific burrowing animal causing damage to your garden is crucial in effectively targeting your pest control methods. Here are some key characteristics:

  • Voles: Resemble mice with dark brown fur, smaller ears, and shorter tails. They leave trenches and build burrow holes.
  • Gophers: Have large cheek pouches and front teeth that consistently grow. They create crescent-shaped mounds.
  • Ground Squirrels: Include chipmunks and marmots, dig burrows for shelter, and feed on grasses and plants.
  • Groundhogs: Also known as woodchucks, they have stout bodies and build burrow systems with multiple openings.
  • Moles: Considered beneficial for soil aeration, they leave raised tunnels between hills while hunting for insects and worms.

What are effective homemade sprays to repel burrowing animals?

You can create homemade sprays to repel burrowing animals. Here are a few effective recipes:

  • Hot Pepper Spray: Mix hot pepper sauce, dish soap, marigold leaves, and water. Blend the ingredients and spray the solution on your plants regularly.
  • Milk Spray: Create a milk spray by mixing milk, dish detergent, and water. Spray this solution on your plants every 10 days to keep deer away.
  • Castor Oil Spray: Combine castor oil, dishwashing solution, and water to make a spray. Apply it to the soil once a week to deter squirrels, voles, and skunks.

What are some natural deterrents to keep burrowing animals away?

Natural deterrents can be effective in keeping burrowing animals away from your garden. Here are a few options:

  • Plants that Repel: Certain plants like lavender, chrysanthemums, and petunias can repel insects and animals. Planting these herbs and flowers can help protect your plants.
  • Natural Insect Deterrents: Coffee grounds sprinkled on the ground can deter cats and hinder the development of mosquitoes, tobacco hornworms, and mealworms.
  • Cayenne Pepper: Sprinkling cayenne pepper around plants can deter animals with its spicy taste.
  • Soap Bars: Hanging drawstring pouches filled with Irish Spring bar soap can repel animals that dislike the smell, such as rabbits, deer, and chipmunks.

What are some effective methods to physically deter burrowing animals?

To physically deter burrowing animals, you can employ the following methods:

  • Wire Cloches: Use chicken wire to create protective cloches that can be placed over plants to keep them safe from rabbits and deer.
  • Elevated Planters or Raised Beds: Use planters or beds with solid bottoms to keep burrowing animals from accessing your garden.
  • Fencing: Install a fence of the appropriate height (between two and four feet for small animals and at least four feet for deer) to keep animals out. Bury the fence at least 10 inches deep to prevent burrowing.
  • Netting: Place netting over small shrubs or plants that may be vulnerable to birds.

What other tactics can I use to protect my garden from burrowing animals?

In addition to the mentioned strategies, here are some other tactics to protect your garden from burrowing animals:

  • Make noise to deter animals by installing wind chimes or playing a radio near vulnerable plants.
  • Create alternative food sources away from your garden, such as bird feeders or catnip in a different location.
  • Rotate visual deterrents like plastic owls, snakes, or shiny objects to effectively scare away burrowing animals.
  • Keep your garden clean and tidy by removing brush piles, tall weeds, and excess birdseed.
  • Utilize trapping methods for specific burrowing animals, such as mousetraps for voles or larger traps for gophers and ground squirrels.
  • Consider habitat modification by removing food sources and ground cover that may attract burrowing animals.